The role of ascorbic acid in coronary heart disease

Ascorbic acid and heart disease (AA) is said to play a preventive role in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Although this substance can have potentially beneficial effects, over-administration of it through interactions with transition metals, such as iron and copper, can lead to destructive effects. Blood pressure is the force that puts pressure on the walls of the arteries every time. When the heart contracts and pumps blood, the pressure it puts on the walls of blood vessels is called systolic pressure. The pressure on the walls of the artery between beats is called diastolic pressure. Blood pressure is always given to these two systolic and diastolic pressures. High blood pressure puts the body at risk for heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. About one-third of American adults have high blood pressure. Studies have shown that ascorbic acid may help lower blood pressure in people with and without high blood pressure. Vitamin C supplementation also helps to relax the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to help lower blood pressure levels. In addition, an analysis of 29 human studies showed that ascorbic acid supplementation on average in healthy adults reduced systolic blood pressure (high) by 3.8 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (lower) by 1.5 mm Hg. Be. In adults with high blood pressure, vitamin C supplements reduce systolic blood pressure by an average of 4.9 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.7 mm Hg. Although these results are promising, it is not clear whether these effects on blood pressure are long-term or short-term. In addition, people with high blood pressure should not rely on vitamin C alone for treatment. Vitamin C may help reduce these risk factors. In summary, taking at least 500 mg of vitamin C a day seems to reduce the risk of heart disease. However, if you have previously taken a diet rich in vitamin C, supplements may not have the added benefits of heart health.

tip

Vitamin and mineral supplements are good for the body, but proper nutrition depends on proper diet Benefits and hamrs of Ascorbic acid.

How does ascorbic acid prevent atherosclerosis?

Cardiovascular disease is a degenerative disease caused by a deficiency of ascorbic acid. Deficiency of this substance leads to the deposition of lipoprotein (a) and fibrin in the walls of blood vessels. It has a great effect on vascular diseases and causes damage to the aortic wall. Research shows that poor plasma levels of vitamin C are a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. The main cause of heart attack as well as strokes is conditions such as arterial wall scurvy. You already know that vitamin C deficiency can lead to scurvy, which breaks down the body’s connective tissues, including the walls of blood vessels. You can consider atherosclerosis as a primary form of scurvy. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps reduce cell wall damage caused by free radicals. The most important function of vitamin C in preventing heart attacks and strokes is its ability to increase the production of collagen, elastin and other strengthening molecules in the body. This improves vascular stability. Today, the average person’s diet contains enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy, but not to ensure healthy artery walls. As a result, millions of cracks and small lesions form along the artery wall. When this substance is not enough, cholesterol, lipoproteins and other blood risk factors enter the walls of the damaged artery to repair these lesions. With low vitamin C intake, this healing process can last for years and cause deposits in the arteries. Sediments in the arteries of the heart eventually lead to a heart attack and sediments in the arteries of the brain lead to a stroke.

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Potassium hydroxide from liquid to solid

It is seen in different concentrations such as 45%, 50%, 90%, 98%, etc. Liquid potassium hydroxide is used as an electrolyte in a variety of batteries, including alkaline, nickel-cadmium, and manganese-zinc dioxide batteries. It is also an electrolyte in certain types of fuel cells. It is a better conductor of electricity than sodium hydroxide solutions. It has applications such as mining, food, pulp and paper, contaminated soil treatment and agricultural products. Liquid potassium hydroxide 45% has a very low freezing point and can be used to maintain alkalinity in water-based drilling fluids used in solidification and thawing environments. In addition, it is an intermediary in the production of personal care products such as liquid lotions, soaps and shampoos. As a strong base, it reacts with grease and grease and makes it a useful substance in drain and stove cleaners as well as non-phosphate detergents. PersianUtab is the place to buy liquid potassium hydroxide.

Applications of solid potassium hydroxide

By drying the liquid potassium hydroxide, solid potassium hydroxide is produced during the electrolysis process. Solid potassium hydroxide is used as an intermediate in a wide range of production processes, from the production of drugs and fertilizers, to its use in oil refining. In addition, it is a precursor to other potassium compounds. This type of potassium hydroxide is a highly moisturizing substance, meaning that it absorbs and retains water molecules from the environment, making it a useful laboratory desiccant. It also acts as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel, as a water softener in detergents and in the manufacture of optical and crystal glass, photographic compounds, latex rubber and paints. In addition, it is used to produce degreasing and cleaning solvents, lubricating additives, corrosion inhibitors and other potassium base salts. Solid potassium hydroxide is especially used in the manufacture of inorganic chemicals based on potassium and other industries that need a reliable product to control. In food industry applications, solid potassium hydroxide acts as an acidity regulator and as a inhibitor for the production of potassium sorbate and other food preservatives. At the end of this explanation, we came to the conclusion that due to the application of potassium hydroxide from liquid to solid, it can be used in various industries. The use of potash during the production process should be done with caution. Because it can cause burns and damage. It is also important to wear gloves and goggles when working with these chemicals. This material should be used in heat-resistant containers, because it tends to react with zinc, aluminum and tin. It is also important to add potash slowly to the water, as it tends to release a lot of heat.

Is potassium hydroxide carcinogenic?

Potassium hydroxide is not recognized as a carcinogen. This substance may be toxic to marine organisms.

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What is the annual production of potassium hydroxide?

Phosphates perform buffering, chelation and cleaning functions. These materials are soluble and allow concentrated products to be formulated. In the manufacture of potassium soaps, potassium hydroxide reacts with long-chain fatty acids (soap making) to produce potassium salts. These salts are more soluble than the corresponding sodium salts, which are made with caustic soda, and are therefore suitable for liquid soap products such as liquid hand soap. Potassium hydroxide is used in some liquid fertilizers. Potassium is one of the three main nutrients in the plant (other elements nitrogen and phosphorus). Potassium hydroxide is a source of potassium in these fertilizers and is used in plants that are sensitive to chloride ions such as tobacco, where potassium chloride is not tolerable. In recent years, the convenience of liquid fertilizers has led to new applications in higher value applications such as plant nurseries. The increasing need to increase crop productivity to feed an expanding population is a strong growth stimulant for potash fertilizers, and this increases the demand for potassium hydroxide. Burning potash, as a refining catalyst in oil refineries, offers lucrative opportunities for producer growth. The emergence of renewable sources increases the demand for biofuels and increases the production of potassium hydroxide.

With the exception of potassium carbonate, all functional parts of potassium hydroxide keep pace with GDP growth. The slow decline in potassium carbonate demand has slowed overall growth in recent years by about 1.9% per year. Thousands of tons of potassium hydroxide (KOH) are produced annually for commercial production through the electrolysis of potash (potassium chloride) using mercury cells or membranes. Due to the high chemical purity and no use of explosion-proof material, this product meets all the needs of raw materials for membrane electrolysis. Another area in which KOH has grown is the defrost market. Due to environmental concerns, potassium acetate, which is produced from caustic potash, is growing as a band de-icer. However, its use as an antifreeze on aircraft wings has been hampered by concerns about corrosion. One of the main concerns of potassium hydroxide production is the existence of a cost-effective alternative called sodium hydroxide. The global market for potassium hydroxide is projected to grow at a significant rate during 2021 and 2026. In 2021, the market is growing at a modest rate, and as the adoption of strategies by key players increases, it is predicted that it will track drivers, inhibitors and industry news such as mergers and acquisitions. The market for this material has intensified in the last few months, and manufacturers are trying to use its new power with the first price increase starting in almost two years. The continued growth of the trade also envisages several manufacturers that are expanding. The market for this substance in 2020 was about 2.4 million tons and is projected to reach about 2.9 million tons by 2027. Many factories around the world produce potassium hydroxide.  Canada is the main producer with an annual production of about 9.5 million tons, Belarus with about 5 million tons, Russia with about 6.8 million tons and Jordan. In countries such as Iran, despite the rich sources of potassium hydroxide, the production of this substance is very low. With the constant demand for KOH, manufacturers continue to increase their capacity.

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Gastrointestinal damage

What are the side effects of the chemical potassium hydroxide? you eat potassium hydroxide, it can cause severe burns to the mouth, throat and stomach. Other symptoms may include vomiting and diarrhea. When it enters the stomach, stomach acid may neutralize potassium hydroxide, which can limit the amount of damage. Perforation of the stomach can sometimes occur with peritonitis and rapid damage to surrounding organs, including the large intestine, pancreas, liver, and spleen, and can cause severe tissue injury and death. Eating a solid pellet of an alkaline substance stays in the stomach for a long time, thus causing more severe burns. The estimated lethal dose is about 5 grams. In case of contact of potassium hydroxide with the skin In contact with the skin, it can cause severe irritation or burns, and in case of excessive exposure, it can cause skin ulcers.

eye contact

What are the side effects of the chemical potassium hydroxide? is very dangerous. It can be caused by tears, redness, swelling and irritation of the eyes. Excessive exposure to potassium hydroxide leads to vascular thrombosis in the conjunctiva and other parts of the eye. Corneal burns include ulceration and turbidity of the cornea with loss of vision, corneal neovascularization, ulcer formation, and perforation. Other consequences of burns with potassium hydroxide include epithelial erosion, secondary glaucoma, and loss of conjunctival mucosa, dry eye, and trichiasis Benefits and harms of potassium hydroxide.

Chronic exposure to potassium hydroxide

Prolonged contact with dilute solutions or potassium hydroxide dust has a detrimental effect on tissues. People who already have skin disorders or eye problems or respiratory problems may be more exposed to the effects of the substance.

First aid measures

If you inhale potassium hydroxide, take fresh air. If you are not breathing, give artificial respiration. If you have difficulty breathing, you should give him oxygen and call a doctor. Do not induce vomiting if ingested potassium hydroxide. Give him plenty of water. Do not anesthetize anything orally. Get medical attention immediately. In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothes before reusing. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately. If potassium hydroxide gets into the eyes, immediately rinse the eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and occasionally lift the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical attention immediately.

Explosion and ignition of potassium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide is not combustible, but contact with water or moisture may generate enough heat to ignite combustible materials. It can react with chemically reactive metals such as aluminum, zinc, magnesium, copper, etc. and release hydrogen gas, which can form explosive mixtures with air. In case of fire, use suitable fire extinguishing materials, because this material also reacts with some fire extinguishers. In the event of a fire, wear protective clothing to extinguish the fire. If potassium hydroxide leaks into the surrounding area, ventilate the leak area. Keep unnecessary and unprotected people away from the leak. Use appropriate personal protective equipment. Place this material in a suitable container for regeneration or disposal. Do not dispose of caustic residues in wastewater. Leakage residue can be diluted with water or neutralized with dilute acid such as acetic, hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. Place the neutralized residue on clay, vermiculite or other inert material and pack in a suitable container for disposal.

Management and storage

Store in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry place. Remove potassium hydroxide from incompatible materials. Protect it from moisture. When added to water, it releases heat, which can lead to severe boiling and splashing. Always add it slowly and in small amounts and never use hot water. Containers of this material can also be dangerous if empty because they contain product residues (dust, solids). Follow all warnings and precautions for the product.

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Phosphoric acid plant

 Wet process phosphoric acid is used in fertilizer production. In this process, the acid has a much higher purity and is used in the manufacture of high-grade chemicals. Medicines, detergents, food products, beverages and other non-fertilizer products are made from this citric acid. The thermal trend of demand for phosphoric acid has increased by approximately 2.3 to 2.5%. In the wet process, a significant amount of acid is produced. Cold water is produced with high concentrations of phosphorus and fluoride. This extra water in Cooling ponds (used to temporarily store excess precipitation for subsequent evaporation) are collected. Allows recycling of process water to the plant for reuse. Cooling water can be purified to an acceptable level of phosphorus. In the wet process, by the reaction of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with naturally occurring phosphate rock, it is dried, crushed and then continuously fed into the reactor with sulfuric acid. It combines calcium from phosphate rock with sulfate and usually forms calcium sulfate (CaSO4), which is called gypsum. The gypsum is separated from the reaction solution by filtration. Hemihydrate process that produces calcium sulfate with half a molecule of water (CaSO4 ½ H2O). This one-step hemihydrate process has the advantage of producing a phosphoric acid wet process with a This process has a higher P2O5 concentration and less impurities than the hydrate process. Some companies have recently turned to the hemihydrate process. However, since most phosphoric acid is produced in the wet process, it will not be a hemihydrate process. A simple reaction for the hydrate process is as follows:

Ca (1) 3(PO4)2 3H2SO4 6H2O → 2H3PO4 3[CaSO4 2H2O]

In order to make the strongest phosphoric acid and reduce evaporation costs, 93% sulfuric acid is commonly used. Because the appropriate ratio of acid to rock is in the reactor. During the reaction, gypsum crystals precipitate and are separated from the acid by filtration. The separated crystals must be thoroughly washed to obtain at least 99% of the filter. After washing, the slurry gypsum is pumped into a gypsum pool and the water is siphoned and recycled through the phosphoric acid wave cooling pool. Approximately 0.3 hectares of pond area and water ventilation are required per mg. Significant heat is generated in the reactor. In older plants, this heat is cooled by blowing air onto the surface of the hot slurry, then recycling it back into the reactor. Wet process phosphoric acid typically contains 26 to 30% P2O5. In most cases, acid It needs to be more focused to meet the phosphate nutrient profile for fertilizer production. Depending on the fertilizer produced, phosphoric acid is usually concentrated up to 40. The major emissions from wet process acid production include gaseous fluorides, mainly silicon. Tetrafluoride (SiF4) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) Phosphate rock contain 3.5 to 4.0% fluoride. In general, part of the fluoride is precipitated from the rock with gypsum, another part is washed away with a phosphoric acid product, and the remaining part is reactor or steamed. Evaporator The relative amounts of fluoride in filter acid and gypsum depend on the type. The stone and operating conditions of the final disposal of the escaped flora depend on the design and operation of the plant. Scrubbers may be used to control fluorine release. Washing systems used in phosphorus acidic plants include venturi, wet and semi-flow washing machines. Leachate may precipitate fluoride in sedimented ponds. If the pool water is saturated with fluoride, fluorine gas may be released into the atmosphere. The reactor in which the phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid is its main source. Fluoride emissions accompany the air used to cool the reactor slurry. Because air emissions are minimized, cooling has largely replaced the air cooling method. Closed system Evaporation of acid concentration is another source of fluoride emissions. About 20 to 40% of the fluoride in the rock is evaporated in this operation. Thermal process acid production Raw materials are essential for the production of phosphoric acid by the thermal process. Yellow phosphorus, air and water are needed. This process consists of 3 main steps:

(1) Combustion

(2) Hydration

(3) Hydrated

In combustion, liquid phosphorus is burned (oxidized) in ambient air. The combustion chamber is heated to 1650 to 2760 ° C (3000 to 5000 ° F) to form phosphorus. Phosphorus pentoxide is then diluted with H3PO4 or hydrated with water. A strong phosphoric acid liquid is produced. It is done with high pressure drop demistors. The concentration of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) produced by the thermal process is usually from 75 to 85%. This high concentration is required for the production of high-grade chemicals and other items. For non-fertilizer production, efficient plants recover about 99.9% of the basic elements. Phosphorus is burned as phosphoric acid. The main source of emission from the thermal process is H3PO4 dust in the gas from the hydrator flow. The size of acid dust particles is from l.4 to 2.6 micrometers. There is about half of the total P2O5 as liquid phosphoric acid particles. Efficient plants with different control equipment have an economic incentive to control these potential losses. Control equipment commonly used in the phosphoric heat process. Acidic plants include venturi washers, cyclonic separators with mist removers, and fiber wires. Phosphoric acid plants are highly adjustable for processing several types of phosphate rocks and maximizing plant yields.

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Continuous purification of phosphoric acid in a microchannel

Solvent extraction is an economically efficient method that is widely used in the purification of wet phosphoric acid. In this method, microchannels are used to promote mixing and purification of phosphoric acid during continuous production. For this purpose, liquid extraction is performed for purification through a mixture of methyl isobutyl ketone / tri-butyl phosphate. In addition, the Box-Behnken experimental design method is used to investigate the liquid extraction process. The effect of various operating parameters such as solvent concentration (45-65 t by weight), temperature (18-28 ° C) and organic / aqueous phase ratio (2: 1-6: 1) with constant flow rate of 70 ml / l is investigated. To take. The microchannel can increase the sulfate extraction and removal percentage by more than 98% and 60% during a stay of 6.85 minutes. Purification of phosphoric acid by minimizing iron, copper, cadmium and fluoride Commercially produced phosphoric acid is purified using a wet process by minimizing iron, cadmium, copper and fluoride. Bentonite clay is known to remove humic acids and suspended solids from crude phosphoric acid. Efforts are made to minimize the amount of iron by adding potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and sodium sulfate separately. Silicon dioxide, sodium carbonate, potassium sulfate, in combination and amyl potassium xanthate are the main targets. The efficiency of potassium amyl xanthate in minimizing iron content is 79.19% with a slight decrease in P 2 O 5. Temperature, stirring time and amount of additives are studied. Minimization of fluoride from phosphoric acid is done using silicon dioxide followed by the addition of sodium carbonate. By adjusting the stoichiometric values, additives and heating temperature, the efficiency of fluoride minimization is 93.89%. Copper and cadmium are also removed.

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3FeO (s) + 6H + (aq) → 3Fe2 + (aq) + 6H2O (l)

If rust is found on metal, does the acid eliminate rust, and if so, what type of acid is used?

Rusting is what happens when you oxidize a metal. For example, Fe 2 O 3 is formed on Fe. (When it comes to iron or steel), acid can dissolve rust. (Fe 2 O 3) causes more oxidation of the metal, more rust formation and rust dissolution. When acid reacts with metal, it tends to dissolve both rust and metal to form iron chloride. However, if you were to use dilute acid carefully, you could dissolve the rust before the metal dissolved. Some acids eliminate rust (oxides), while others cause rust. Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) is an acid that, by converting it (iron oxide III) to a soluble form in water, removes rust. Most other strong acids cause rust. Please note that some deodorants contain hydrofluoric acid (HF), which is very dangerous because it can penetrate your skin, destroy bone and cause a heart attack without even feeling it. Be. If you use any type of rust remover, read the label carefully and always wear goggles, chemical resistant gloves and protective clothing Unspoken Phosphoric Acid.

Rust of steel and phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid is used in many experimental applications and can come into contact with many chemical and petrochemical equipment. Most of these equipments are made of steel alloys that may be damaged due to contact with acid. Corrosion inhibitors can be used to protect steel alloys against various shapes and corrosion environments. Organic inhibitors form well corrosion inhibitors and are widely used. The use of inorganic inhibitors is not as good as organic matter. They are applied in some coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Other alloys can prevent corrosion if the coating is effective. Before coating, rust can be removed using some simple chemical techniques to create an optimal surface. Stainless steel is usually characterized by its ability to resist corrosion in a variety of environments. Unfortunately, stainless steel is not completely stainless, but is more resistant to corrosion. Exposure to high salinity, such as seawater, can destroy its protective layer, which can cause rust or corrosion of stainless steel, the so-called free iron on the surface. This iron Residues can come from a variety of sources, such as tool particle transport, that remain after that and are very sensitive to corrosion if not properly controlled. Any pre-existing surface corrosion can reduce the performance of the coated parts. Even minor rust should be removed before coating. Phosphoric acid is used to do this. Phosphoric acid will dissolve iron oxide without attacking other steel components (chromium). The rust is resolved by the following reaction:

2 𝐻3𝑃𝑂4 + 𝐹𝑒2𝑂3 → 2 𝐹𝑒𝑃𝑂4 + 3𝐻2𝑂

It can be used because of its non-invasive nature. After using phosphoric acid, clean the area. Purification is done by thoroughly washing the parts in ionized water and then returning to the coating. This method is not 100% effective in all forms of iron oxide and other cases. Surface preparation treatment may be necessary.

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H3PO4 (aq) + Ca(OH) 2 (aq)  H2O (l) + Ca3(PO4)2 (aq)

Chemical mechanisms of the reaction of neutralization of calcium hydroxide by phosphoric acid Calcium phosphate is prepared under a basic reaction between phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide. These phosphates include brucite, tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and oxygenated apatite. Follow-up of the reaction by infrared absorption spectroscopy shows that the alkaline pH of the calcium hydroxide solution causes aerated apatite at the beginning of the reaction. Following the addition of phosphoric acid, the pH becomes increasingly favorable for phase formation. Insertion of molecular oxygen in the apatite tunnel is done using hydrogen peroxide. The amount of molecular oxygen in apatite is then determined by volumetric analysis Unspoken Phosphoric Acid.

Reaction of phosphoric acid with calcium hydroxide

To obtain fructose or solid fructose solutions, the starting material containing sucrose or fructofuranosides similar to fructose and glucose is hydrolyzed and treated with a calcium base (eg calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide) to precipitate calcium sugar complexes. Slowly The precipitate is slurried in water and then purified with phosphoric acid to release a high-purity fructose solution (e.g., calcium-fructose complex de-complexing), precipitated by deposition of useful calcium phosphate salts (e.g., at pH / 5). 5 to 9). Phosphoric acid has been shown to have significant advantages over carbonic acid or carbon dioxide as a fructose-releasing agent, for example, with better efficiencies and more useful by-products. Solid fructose can be obtained from a known method from fructose solution. What happens in the process of producing phosphoric acid? Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) Phosphoric acid is a mineral acid. If pure, it is solid at room temperature and pressure. The most common source of phosphoric acid is an 85% aqueous solution that is colorless and non-volatile but acidic enough to be corrosive. Due to the high percentage of phosphoric acid in this reagent, at least some orthophosphoric acid is concentrated in polyphosphoric acids. Dilute solutions of phosphoric acid are present in the orthoform. Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) can be produced by thermal or wet process. However, most phosphoric acid is produced by the wet process method. Wet process phosphoric acid is used to produce fertilizer. The thermal process of phosphoric acid is commonly used to make high-grade chemicals that require much higher purity. Phosphoric acid production The wet process produces a significant amount of acidic cooling water with high concentrations of phosphorus and fluoride. This excess water collects in cooling ponds, which are used to temporarily store excess precipitation for subsequent evaporation and allow the process water to re-circulate to the plant for reuse. In the wet process, phosphoric acid is produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid (H) with naturally occurring phosphate rock. The dried phosphate rock is crushed and then continuously enters the reactor with sulfuric acid. This reaction is a combination of calcium from phosphate rock and sulfate and causes the formation of calcium sulfate and gypsum which is separated from the reaction solution by filtration. Some facilities usually use a hydrated process that produces gypsum in the form of calcium sulfate with two molecules of water and calcium sulfate dihydrate. They may use a co-hydrate process that produces calcium sulfate at the equivalent of half a molecule of water per molecule of calcium sulfate. They may use a co-hydrate process that produces calcium sulfate at the equivalent of half a molecule of water per molecule of calcium sulfate. The one-step hydrate process has the advantage of producing a wet process phosphoric acid with a higher concentration of phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5) and less impurities than the hydrate process.

In order to make the strongest phosphoric acid and reduce evaporation costs, 93% (v / v) sulfuric acid is typically used. During the reaction, gypsum crystals precipitate and are separated from the acid by filtration. Isolated crystals should be thoroughly washed to at least 99% (v / v) Recover filtered phosphoric acid. After washing, the gypsum slurry is pumped for storage in a gypsum pool. Water is siphoned and recycled through the wave cooling pool and the phosphoric acid process. Wet process phosphoric acid typically contains 26% -30% (w / w) phosphorus pentoxide, and in most cases, the acid must be further concentrated to meet the phosphate nutrient profile for fertilizer production. Depending on the type of fertilizer produced,

In the thermal process, the raw materials are phosphoric acid, yellow phosphorus and water (yellow water). This process consists of three main stages: combustion, hydration and temperature reduction. In the combustion phase, the liquid phosphorus in the ambient air is burned (oxidized) in the combustion chamber at 1650-2760 ° C (3000-5000 ° F) to form phosphorus pentoxide. Phosphorus pentoxide is then hydrated with dilute phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) or water to produce a strong phosphoric acid liquid. The last step is the purification step, which is applied to remove phosphoric acid dust from the combustion gas stream before release into the atmosphere, which is usually done using high pressure drop demisters. As always, release into the atmosphere occurs only if the cleaned product is a clean, non-polluting stream. The concentration of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) produced by the thermal process typically varies from 75% to 85% (v / v). This concentration is required for the production of high-grade chemicals and other non-fertilizer products. Efficient plants recover approximately 99.9% (w / w) of phosphorus burned as a phosphoric acid product. In the production of phosphoric acid, the flora released from reactors and evaporators is usually recovered as a marketable by-product.

The reaction of phosphoric acid with calcium hydroxide is a balanced reaction.

An equation in which the number of atoms of all molecules on both sides of the equation is equal is known as a balanced chemical equation. The law of mass survival governs the equilibrium of a chemical equation.

According to this law, mass is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, and according to this law, the mass of all elements or molecules on the reacting side must be equal to the total mass of elements or molecules on the product side. If the chemical equation is not balanced, the law of survival does not apply.

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Antifreeze poisoning containing propylene glycol

Symptoms of antipyretic poisoning containing propylene glycol may not appear immediately after ingestion because it takes time for the body to metabolize chemicals. The body converts antifreeze chemicals into smaller alcohols and acids such as glycolaldehyde, glycolic acid, glyoxylate, and oxalic acid. The onset and severity of symptoms can vary depending on the type and amount of antifreeze a person eats. In general, antifreeze poisoning occurs in three stages. We discuss each of the following:

first stage

The first stage of antifreeze poisoning usually begins between 30 minutes and 12 hours after ingestion. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol in antifreeze first affect the central nervous system. The early signs of antifreeze poisoning may be similar to those of alcohol poisoning. Symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, headache, seizures, nausea and vomiting, and coma.

second stage

People generally enter the second stage of antifreeze poisoning. During this stage, the body continues to metabolize the chemicals in antifreeze to toxic acids. These acids lower the pH level of the blood, which leads to a condition called metabolic acidosis. At this stage, antifreeze poisoning affects several organs including the kidneys, brain, lungs and liver. People in the second stage of antifreeze poisoning may experience irregular heartbeat, shallow breathing, confusion, and changes in blood pressure.The person may also become unconscious or comatose at this stage. A doctor may suggest more aggressive treatments for an individual in the second stage of antifreeze poisoning.

The third stage of antifreeze poisoning contains propylene glycol

The third stage of antifreeze poisoning occurs between 24-72 dimensions. If left untreated, the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals can lead to kidney failure. A doctor may recommend hemodialysis to treat antifreeze poisoning. Early diagnosis and treatment of antifreeze poisoning is essential to reduce the risk of permanent organ damage and long-term health effects. The treatment of antifreeze poisoning focuses on the following: Prevent the continuation of antifreeze metabolism in the body Eliminate antifreeze and toxic metabolites from a person’s bloodstream Provide supportive care, especially in more severe cases that include organ failure. Doctors prescribe antidotes such as fompizol and ethanol to prevent the metabolism of antifreeze chemicals to toxic metabolites in the body. Antidote therapy can help prevent further kidney damage but does not eliminate metabolites that have already accumulated in the kidneys. A doctor may then focus on restoring a person’s blood pH to a normal level, such as using a bicarbonate solution through a vein. Your doctor may also recommend hemodialysis to remove antifreeze and toxic metabolites from the bloodstream. During hemodialysis, a health care professional inserts a tube with a needle into a person’s arm. This tube is connected to the dialysis machine. The person’s blood flows along the tube into the device, which filters out toxins and waste products. The filtered blood is then transferred to another person’s arm through another tube.

Who is most at risk for propylene glycol antifreeze poisoning?

Workers in industries that produce or use antifreeze containing propylene glycol are at the highest risk of poisoning. Especially those who are involved in car maintenance and aircraft defrosting. Although skin contact is the main route of exposure to propylene glycol, vapors or fogs can be inhaled when the chemical is heated, stirred, or sprayed.

Tips for preventing antifreeze poisoning containing propylene glycol

• Do not pour antifreeze into water bottles or other containers. Keep the chemical in your original container.
• If you spill antifreeze while working on your car, clean the leak area and wash the area with water, as the pet may accidentally eat it.
• Always place the lid on antifreeze containers. Keep chemicals out of the reach of children and pets.
• As a precaution, do not drink anything you do not know.

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Propylene glycol in resin

Propylene glycol is used in the manufacture of high performance unsaturated polyester.Unsaturated esters are synthesized in the laboratory by the concentration of saturated and unsaturated anhydrides with glycols. The resulting condensate is mixed with styrene monomer to form the unsaturated polyester resin formula. When propylene glycol is mixed with 30% ethylene glycol or 20% diethylene glycol, a better balance of tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, tensile strength, impact resistance, surface hardness, abrasion resistance and water absorption It is obtained by baking resin.

Unsaturated polyesters

Unsaturated polyesters are the third class of heat molding resins. They are produced with a density of one diol with a combination of saturated and unsaturated anhydrides.Condensing products (reactive resins) react highly with vinyl monomers, such as styrene, to form highly durable structures and coatings.The properties of the bonded resin depend on the types of anhydrides and glycols used and their relative amounts. Most commercial unsaturated polyester (UPR) resins are made from phthalic and maleic anhydride as unsaturated and unsaturated components, and propylene glycol as the diol in the polymer.Unsaturated polyester resins mainly in the production of fiber-reinforced plastics and plastic products full of hygienic materials, tanks, pipes, nets and high performance components for the marine and transportation industries such as closing panels and hulls, fenders , The hull of the boat is used. Unsaturated polyester resins are also used in coatings and adhesives.

Propylene glycol in alkyd resins

Alkyd resins were first synthesized in the 1920s and, due to their excellent performance, continue to compete endlessly with growing synthetic-based polymer resins. Due to its high compatibility with many polymers and a large number of formulations, alkyds are superior to other systems in many applications with special demand. Adaptability, along with their biodegradability and possibly recyclability, makes alkyds extremely environmentally and economically attractive. Propylene glycol is used in the synthesis of alkyd resins.

Global market for propylene glycol and resin

Increased use of unsaturated polyester resin in various applications of reinforced plastics is predicted for the growth of the fuel market. Bio-based propylene glycol is widely used as a cooling and antifreeze due to its low freezing point and high viscosity, thus increasing its importance in the automotive and general industries. Increased automobile production and sales in developed as well as developing countries are expected to increase demand for bio-based propylene glycol over the next six years. It is predicted that the increase in demand for non-ionic surfactants and the increase in demand for adhesives, emulsifiers and lubricants based on propylene glycol will lead to market growth. The global market for bipropylene glycol is divided into five regions: Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, North America, the Middle East, and Africa. Asia-Pacific is expected to grow at the highest CAGR rate due to the large number of producers of polyunsaturated resins and polyester fibers, as well as increasing demand from the construction sector. Demand for Bio-based propylene glycol is expected to increase in developing countries such as China, Japan, India and Vietnam due to the growth of the commercial and organizational construction sector.

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